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# What is pulmonary hypertension 什么是肺动脉高压 Elevated pressure in the pulmonary vasculature 肺脉管系统压力升高 Normal mean pulmonary artery pressure is 8-25mmHg. 正常平均肺动脉压为 8-25mmHg。这个参考值是基于右心导管插入术所测得的。 Pulmonary hypertension is defined by mean PAP > 25mmHg at rest during right heart...
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# Indications For Echo in Hypertension 高血压患者的超声适应症 Second line assessment ESC Guidance 2013 “the routine use of echo in systemic hypertension is inappropriate" 在系统性高血压中常规使用超声是不合适的 Assess if there is end organ damage 评估是否存在终末器官损害 Grade 1 hypertension to decide on Rx Cardiovascular...
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# Defining Diastole 定义舒张期 Diastology 诊断学 The science and art of characterising left ventricular relaxation, filling dynamics, and their integration into clinical practice. 描述左心室舒张、充盈动力学及其融入临床实践的科学和艺术。 # What is Diastole The relationship among LV, LA, and aortic (Ao) pressures and M-mode tracings...
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# Echocardiography measure LV function # Advantages Direct imaging = possible to make visual rather than mathematical assessment 直接成像 = 可以进行视觉评估而不是数学评估 Relatively inexpensive equipment 相对便宜 Fairly quick to perform and to analyse 相当快地执行和分析 Not distressing to the patient 不会让病人感到痛苦 No need to use...
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# Learning Objectives RV anatomy, haemodynamics and contractility 右室解剖、血流动力学和收缩性能 Ventricular interdependence 心室相互依赖 Basic views of the RV 右室的基本切面 Dimensions and thickness of the RV 右室的尺寸和厚度 Assessing RV function - tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion(TAPSE), fraction area change(FAC), tissue...
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# Coronary arterial anatomy 最重要的冠状动脉是左冠状动脉主干或左主干（LMS/LMCA），呈 C 形的供应下壁和右室血液的右冠状动脉。 左主干很快又分支成了两个血管：左前降支（LAD）和回旋支（LCA），LAD 供应了 60% 的心肌。 Sternocostal surface 胸肋面观 Sinuatrial (SA ) nodal branch 窦房结支 Atrial branch 房支 RCA: Right coronary artery 右冠状动脉 Anterior cardiac veins 心前静脉 Small cardiac...
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# Reviews The value of the expression 17 % 7 is 3. Suppose that x is an non-negative integer variable. Determine the truth value of each of the following expressions. a. (x >= 0) or (x == 0) b. (x > 0) and (x == 0) Suppose x is 5 and y is 7 . Choose the value of the following...
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Easy to get a quick measurement Very easy to make a sizeable mistake The trick is to know when a technique cannot be used. 诀窍是知道什么时候不能使用某项技术。 # Anatomy Inlet, apical trabecular and outlet portion 入口、心尖肌小梁 / 肉柱和出口部分 These portions do not have discrete borders 这三个部分没有明确的界限；因此超声测量中用到的 Simpson...
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# Evaluation of the Left Ventricle # Fractional shortening FS 短轴缩短率 / 缩短分数 EDD: end diastolic diameter 舒张末期内径 ESD: end systolic diameter 收缩末期内径 EF: ejection fraction 射血分数 RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract 右室流出道 IVS: interventricular septum 室间隔 LVIDd: left ventricular internal diameter at...