優萌初華

# Learning objectives Types and Flow Profiles of Prosthetic Valves 人工瓣膜的类型和血流动力学特征 Echocardiographic Evaluation: Key Points 超声评估要点 Prosthetic Valves Evaluation: Elevated gradients 跨瓣压差 Regurgitation 反流 Endocarditis 心内膜炎 Thrombus versus Pannus 血栓与血管翳的鉴别 Challenges for Evaluation 困难和挑战 # Basic...

# Learning objectives Tricuspid valve anatomy 三尖瓣解剖 Aetiology of tricuspid valve disease 三尖瓣疾病的病因 Tricuspid regurgitation/stenosis 三尖瓣反流 / 狭窄 Pulmonary artery pressures 肺动脉压力 # Tricuspid Valve Anatomy Most apical valve 更靠近心尖部的瓣膜 20% larger than MV annulus 比二尖瓣瓣环大 20% Normal annulus is 3.0-3.5...

# Learning objectives To understand the subsets of patients with severe aortic stenosis who do not meet the classical criteria for the diagnosis 了解不符合经典诊断标准的严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者的亚组 To understand the investigation algorithms for these subsets 了解这些亚组的检查方法 To discuss the prognosis and surgical/interventional...

# Learning objectives Definition 定义 Diagnosis 诊断 Diagnostic echocardiography criteria 超声诊断标准 Echocardiographic estimation of outcome 超声对预后的评估 Intracardiac complications of endocarditis 心内膜炎的心内并发症 Prosthetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎 Treatment: Medical and surgical 治疗：药物和手术 #...

# Learning objectives Causes of MS Cardiac changes in MS Assessing MS severity Wilkins score/commissural calcification score. # Role of Echocardiography Confirmation of diagnosis and aetiology of MS MS 的诊断和病因确认 Quantification of MS severity MS 严重程度的量化 Assessment of MS complications MS...

# Learning objectives To understand the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology and proghosis of aortic stenosis 了解主动脉瓣狭窄的流行病学、病原学、病理生理学和预后 To review the qualitative and quantitative echocardiographic methods available to assess the severity of aortic stenosis 回顾可用于评估主动脉瓣狭窄严重程度的定性和定量超声心动图方法 To...

# Learning objectives To understand the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology and prognosis of aortic regurgitation 了解主动脉瓣反流的流行病学、病因学、病理生理学及预后 To review the qualitative and quantitative echocardiographic methods available to assess severity 回顾可用于评估严重程度的定性和定量超声心动图方法 To appreciate the role of...

# Learning Obiectives Anatomy of the PV 解剖 Echocardiographic views to assess PV 超声切面 Pathologies of the PV 病理学 Assessment of severity of PV lesions 严重程度评估 # Pulmonary Valve (PV) Semilunar valve: separates RVOT from main PA 半月瓣：分隔右室流出道与肺动脉 Anterior and superior to the aortic...

# Learning objective Mitral valve Anatomy 二尖瓣解剖 Echocardiographic visualisation of the mitral valve 二尖瓣的超声心动图目测观 Mechanisms of MR 二尖瓣反流的机制 Carpentier classification of mitral regurgitation 二尖瓣反流的 Carpentier 分型 Role of 3D echocardiography 三维超声心动图的作用 # Mitral Valve Apparatus 二尖瓣装置 Saddle-shaped...

# Learning objectives How to assess MR Severity 如何评估 MR 严重程度 Colour Flow measures 彩色血流 Doppler methods of MR assessment 多普勒 PISA/flow convergence and limitations 近端等速表面积 / 血流收敛方法及其局限性 Volumetric assessment and limitations 容量评估及其局限性 Role of special tests in MR 其他特殊检测在 MR 中的作用 # How to Assess MR...