# Case 1

73 year old female with chest pain

ECG: LVH
CXR: Unremarkable.

1. What is the left ventricular function?
   • > 55%
   • 45 - 50%
   • 35 - 40%
   • 30 - 35%
   • < 20%

2. Based on this M-Mode image, this patient has evidence of:
   • Dilated left ventricle
   • Restricted aortic valve opening
   • Restricted mitral valve opening
   • Dilated right ventricle

3. This patient has evidence of:
   • Severe aortic regurgitation
   • Restricted aortic valve opening
   • Thickened aortic valve leaflets
   • Severe MR

4. This patient has evidence of:
   • Tricuspid valve
   • Bicuspid valve
   • Calcified leaflets
   • Restricted aortic valve leaflets

5. This patient has:
   • Mild aortic stenosis
   • Severe aortic stenosis
   • Moderate aortic stenosis
   • Aortic sclerosis

6. A DI of 0.27 suggests:
   • Mild aortic stenosis
   • Moderate aortic stenosis
   • Severe aortic stenosis
   • Aortic sclerosis

# Case 2

72 year old female with breathlessness

ECG: Normal sinus rhythm
CXR: Unremarkable.

1. This patient has evidence of:
   • Mild AR
   • Trivial AR
   • Moderate AR
   • Severe AS

# Case 3

90 year old male presents with breathlessness

ECG: Low voltage complexes
CXR: Pulmonary oedema.

1. This patient has an EF of:
   • > 55%
   • 40 - 45%
   • 35 - 40%
   • < 20%
   • 30 - 35%

2. This patient has evidence of:
   • Restricted aortic valve leaflets
   • Calcified aortic valve leaflets
   • Aortic regurgitation
   • All of the above

3. There is evidence of:
   • Mild AR
   • Trivial AR
   • Moderate AR
   • Severe AR
   • No AR

4. This patient has evidence of:
   • Mild AS
   • Moderate AS
   • Low flow low gradient severe AS
   • Paradoxical low flow low gradient severe AS

# Case 4

80 year old female presenting with gross fluid overload, fevers and night sweats

ECG: Normal sinus rhythm
CXR: Pulmonary oedema.

1. There is evidence of:
   • Aortic valve prolapse
   • Dilated aortic root
   • RCC aortic valve endocarditis
   • LCC or NCC aortic valve endocarditis

2. There is evidence of:
   • Severe AR
   • Severe MR
   • Mild MR
   • Severe AS

3. This patient has:
   • Mild AR
   • Moderate AR
   • Severe AR
   • No AR

4. This pulse wave doppler in the descending aorta confirms the presence of:
   • Severe AR
   • Normal aortic flow
   • Moderate AR
   • Co-arctation of the aorta